Incompressible Substances
An option is provided in the Auto Load Libaries tab of the Preferences dialog to automatically load the Incompressible Substances library when EES is started. By default, this library is automatically loaded. Loading the library requires little computer time, but compilation time for large EES programs may be slightly slower when the library is loaded. If you chose to not automatically load the Incompressible Substances at startup, you can manually load it by placing a $Load Incompressible directive in the Equations window. If the library is already loaded, this directive is ignored.
If you click on the Incompressible button in the Function Information dialog before the Incompressible library is loaded, EES will offer to load the library.
After it is loaded, the properties and materials in the library will be visible in the Function Information dialog. Once it is loaded, the library will remain loaded for the rest of the EES session or until the $Unload Incompressible directive is issued.
Note: The Incompressible Substance files are not included in the EES folder. Instead, they are read from the website when needed. Starting with version 11.917, an Incompressible folder is provided in the Userlib folder. If you have Incompressible Substances files that you developed, copy them into this folder. They will be loaded with the existing Incompressible Substance files and put into the User category.
The list on the left shows the property functions that are implemented for the selected substance in the right list. Click the Function Info button at the top of the list for information relating to the selected function.
The list on the right are names of substances to which these functions can be applied. The drop-down list box in the center allows a selection criterion to be applied to the list of substances. The available selection criteria are: All data, metals, liquid metals, building materials, heat transfer fluids, insulation, molten salts, organic liquids, and miscellaneous. Some substances may appear in more than one list. Clicking the Property Info button will provide a summary of the property information available for the selected substance, as shown here for aluminum.
Click the References button to access the source of the property data and other information. Click the Plot button to produce of plot of the data for the selected property. A plot of the specific heat of Aluminum is shown. Note that, in some cases, the plot will not be smooth due to the fact that data may be from different sources. The plot is not splined or smoothed. If you wish, you can use the Modify Plot command to spline fit the data or to display symbols at the location of the actual data points.
An example indicating the format of the function use appears in the Examples box. Most of the property functions require only temperature as an input. Note that, for consistency with the properties of real and ideal gas substances, the temperature is preceded with the T= identifier. The Temperature can be a numerical value, an EES variable, or an algebraic expression that evaluates to the desired temperature in the scale selected in the Unit System dialog. For example, the following equations provides the thermal conductivity of aluminum at 300 K.
$Load Incompressible
$UnitSystem SI K kPa kJ mass
T=300 [K]
k=Conductivity('Aluminum', T=T)
Enthalpy requires pressure as well as temperature. In this case, the P= indicator must be supplied to the left of the pressure. The temperature and pressure can appear in any order, e.g.,
h=enthalpy(Dowtherm_A,T=T,P=Po#)
Note that Po# is a built-in constant for atmospheric pressure.
The Incompressible library provides some derived properties as well that are combinations of properties in the data tables. Examples of these properties are Prandtl number, thermal diffusivity, and kinematic viscosity, as shown in the following example.
$Load Incompressible
$UnitSystem SI C psia
T=100 [C]
h=enthalpy(Dowtherm_A,T=T,P=Po#)
Pr=prandtl(Dowtherm_A,T=T)
mu=kinematicviscosity(Dowtherm_A,T=T)
nu=thermaldiffusivity(Dowtherm_A,T=T)
{Solution
h=143.1 [kJ/kg]
mu=9.989E-07 [m^2/s]
nu=7.031E-08 [m^2/s]
Pr=14.21 [-]
T=100 [C]}
Data for incompressible substances are provided in EES Lookup tables having an .LKT filename (.LKT64 for the 64-bit version) extension. Shown below is the table for Glycerin
The data for a particular substance can be modified or extended by the user. After the Incompressible Substances library has been loaded, the tables reside in the USERLIB\EES_SYSTEM\INCOMPRESSIBLE folder within the folder that EES is installed. Data for additional substances can also be added by supplying a new Lookup table for each substance. Each temperature-dependent property is provided in a separate column of the table. Note that only the following properties are recognized and the data must be entered in the specified units. These data are temperature dependent. Temperature should be the first column in the Lookup table. The names of the columns and their corresponding function names are as follows. It is not necessary to provide columns or data for all of these properties.
Column Name Function Name Property Units
alpha LinearExpCoef linear coef. of thermal expansion 1/K
beta VolExpCoef volumetric coef. of thermal expansion 1/K
beta_T IsothermalCompress isothermal compressibility 1/kPa
c SpecHeat (or Cp or Cv) specific heat capacity kJ/kg-K
DELTAh_vap Enthalpy_vaporization specific enthalpy change of vaporization kJ/kg
DELTAL\L_293 TotalThermalExp linear expansion1 none
E YoungsModulus Young's modulus GPa
G ModulusofRigidity Modulus of Rigidity GPa
intK IntK integral of k with respect to temperature W/m
k Conductivity thermal conductivity W/m-K
mu Viscosity dynamic viscosity Pa-s
nu PoissonsRatio Poisson's ratio none
pEI Ductility ductility none
Pv P_sat vapor pressure kPa
rho Density density kg/m3
rho_e ElectricalResistivity electrical resistivity ohm-m
s Entropy specific entropy kJ/kg-K
sigma SurfaceTension surface tension N/m
Su UltimateStress ultimate stress MPa
Su_c UltimateStressComp ultimate stress under compressive loading MPa
Su_sh UltimateStressShear ultimate stress under shear loading MPa
Sy YieldStress yield stress MPa
u IntEnergy specific internal energy kJ/kg
The volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion (beta) is commonly used in thermal problems whereas the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (alpha) is commonly used in mechanics problems. The two coefficients are related by beta=3*alpha if the substance is isotropic.
The density variation with temperature of most substance can be calculated from the density at a known temperature (usually 293 K) and DELTAL\L_293, the change in length relative to the length at 293K (20 C or 68 F). For example, the density of copper is known at 300 K to be 8933 kg/m^3. Then, then the density at a temperature of 800 K can be found from the value of TotalThermExp function (DELTAL\L_293) at 800K from:
rho_300=8933 [kg/m^3]
DELTAL\L_293=0.00939
rho_T=rho_300/(1+DELTAL\L_293)^3
The elastic modulus, E and the shear modulus, Gs, are related through Poisson's ratio, n, by E/Gs=2*(1+n). Note that n here is Poisson's ratio and not the kinematic viscosity.
If a column is provided for specific internal energy, the value of is determined as the integral of specific heat with respect to T, with the zero value occurring at the lowest temperature for which data for specific heat data are provided. The specific enthalpy is found using u + P/rho. Note that both T and P are required as inputs to the specific enthalpy function. If a column is provided for specific entropy, it has been determined as the integral of specific heat divided by temperature, integrated with respect to temperature.
Reference information for each column of data is provided in the corresponding row of Reference column. Note that this column must be configured for string data. The first row in the References column provides general information. Subsequent rows provide reference information for the data that reside in the column with the same position as the row. In the table shown above, information provided in the second row of the References column would be applicable to rho (density), which resides in the second column in the table. The reference data are optional, but recommended String information provided for rows numbers greater than the number of data columns are also assumed to provide general information, which is displayed when the Reference button is clicked. Each string can consist of up to 255 characters.
The ColumnID column also contains string data and it identifies the constants in the last column. The order of these constants must appear as shown. If a property value is not known, leave it blank.
Molar Mass
Freezing Point (K)
Phase (0 for solid, 1 for liquid)
DELTAh_fusion (kJ/kg)
Normal Boiling Pt (K)
Critical temperature (K)
Critical pressure (kPa)
Critical volume (m^3/kg)
Acentric factor